Research Information System
in: Wastewater Management and Technologies, Eyup DEBIK,Müfit Bahadir,Andreas Haarstrick, Editor, Springer Nature, Zug, pp.87-106, 2023
In residential areas with limited water supplies
or unstable water sources, water reuse was
first suggested more than 20 years ago. Pollution, increasing global urban population,
and climate change have all had an impact on
sustainable water supplies, increasing the
demand for efficient wastewater reuse and
recovery technology. Wastewater reuse and
recovery can be applied with different membrane technologies. The most extensively used
membrane applications in the treatment of
wastewater and recovery from pretreatment to
post-treatment stages are pressure-driven
membrane processes. These approaches rely
on hydraulic pressure to create separation.
These procedures are divided into four categories. The four techniques are microfiltration
(MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF),
and reverse osmosis (RO). The fundamental
differences between all these techniques, apart from the pressure prerequisites, are the pore
sizes of the membranes. Considering the
membrane studies in the literature, such
pressure-driven membrane technologies have
long been implied with a variety of scenarios
for wastewater recovery. Besides the
pressure-driven membranes, innovative hybrid
water recovery solutions rely on concentration, electrical potential, thermal difference,
and vacuum-driven membrane processes. The
advanced membrane processes that can be
explored are pervaporation (PV), forward
osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD),
electrodialysis (EDI), membrane bioreactors
(MBR), and a combination of these technologies to be used in zero-liquid discharge
systems for wastewater recovery and reuse.